famous biological psychologists famous biological psychologists

Miller has also been at the forefront of developing the new field of evolutionary consumer psychology, which basically uses the logic of sexual selection to explain many features of modern consumer society, by linking them with high social status in males as a marker of reproductive success. Schmidt Mast has also made pioneering use of technology to investigate interpersonal behavior and communication, as well as to analyze nonverbal behavior in social interactions. In 1995, Shepard received the National Medal of Science. This theory was inspired by moving statues in a garden in Paris.[7]. Essentials of Human Memory (Psychology Press, 2013) 5. Kurzban was born in Poughkeepsie, New York, in 1969. fMRI or functional magnetic resonance imaging is a technique frequently applied to human subjects, in which changes in cerebral blood flow can be detected in an MRI apparatus and are taken to indicate relative activity of larger scale brain regions (on the order of hundreds of thousands of neurons). In addition, she is a Fellow of the Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory and was the Founding Director of the Center for Psychology and Law, both at UC-Irvine. Accessed from web.missouri.edu Video Certainly, we hope and believe that the work of the individuals listed here will be widely appealing just for its own sake. While Spelke supports the idea that many or most of our cognitive abilities have an innate, or biological, foundation, after long empirical study she has concluded that there is no evidence for any systematic biological difference between males and females with respect to any of the several cognitive capacities underlying general mathematical ability (numerical reasoning, spatial reasoning, logical reasoning, etc.). Fahrenberg was born in Berlin in 1937. She is currently Professor of Organizational Behavior in the Faculty of Hautes tudes Commerciales, or HEC (which is to say, the Business School), of the University of Lausanne. Finally, in recent years Diener has begun to explore some of the implications of his findings for politics and public policy, notably in a widely read paper he co-wrote with Martin Seligman (see below), Beyond Money: Toward an Economy of Well-Being.[3]. L. "The mental life of the monkey. London: Hogarth Press, 1980. (An affordance is an objectively existing feature of an organisms environment that is however co-constructed by structural features of the environment and the organisms own functional capacities; thus, a tree limb exists objectively, but only affords an opportunity for grasping for a creature, like a monkey, capable of using it for that purpose.) Flow is Csikszentmihlyis term for the positive feelings associated with the experience of being completely absorbed in a task. Biological psychology has its roots in early structuralist and functionalist psychological studies, and as with all of the major perspectives, it has relevance today. After leaving medical school, Lewis worked full-time for the next 10 years as a freelance journalist, photographer, and writer. He is currently Professor of Psychology at the University of Texas at Austin. He then received his doctorate in 1991 and his Habilitation in 1996, both in psychology and both from Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt. Kahneman was born in 1934 in Tel Aviv, in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine and is today the State of Israel. Some of her other projects include philosophical reflection on the fact of embodiment for cognitive science, and critical approaches to understanding the history and current practice of psychology as a science. He earned his bachelors degree in 1976 from the University of Texas at Austin, and his Ph.D. in 1981 from the University of California, Berkeley. Anderson also engaged in careful experimental studies, using fMRI technology, in an effort to provide empirical support for his theoretical models. Ekman was born in Washington, DC, in 1934. Mechanistically, the brain constructs such optimal predictive models by calculating the errors in a stimulus sequence as the difference at each step between the predicted signal and the signal actually received. Darwin was the father of evolutionary psychology. He obtained his Ph.D. in psychology in 1962 from the University of Michigan. Davidson is famous for espousing Buddhist traditions of mindfulness and meditation as important empirical phenomena worthy of scientific investigation, as well as important techniques for achieving inner peace and spiritual growth. A chemical receptor agonist facilitates neural activity by enhancing or replacing endogenous neurotransmitters. Other areas of study have included the physiological bases for motivated behaviour, emotion, learning, memory, cognition, and mental disorders. For the purposes of this article, we have excluded persons whose primary academic affiliation lies in a philosophy department, or in one of the other humanities, or in some other social science. After initially studying business and economics and working for a computer company for a time, she entered medical school at the University of Zurich. Miller has done research in a number of different areas of psychology, above all, in evolutionary psychology, and especially in two sub-fields within that discipline: human sexual selection and the new field of evolutionary consumer psychology. This involves a bundle of fine electrodes to record the simultaneous activity of up to hundreds of neurons. Dualism is a family of views about the relationship between mind and physical matter. Beck is also widely known as the author of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), a self-reporting questionnaire designed to measure the severity of depression, which has been revised twice and is still widely used, but which also spawned a whole industry of similar inventories. Her professional work has always focused on the emotions, primarily from a biological and cognitive point of view. In other work, Zimbardo has explored related themes regarding the social roots of individual pathology in such areas as shyness and post-traumatic stress disorder. Gilligan (ne Friedman) was born in New York City in 1936. With a comprehensive array of features and a user-friendly platform, Monday aims to support teachers, directors, and students in delivering and receiving the best education possible. Wundt actually worked at Schrgers own institutionthe University of Leipzigand Schrger has edited his correspondence. Co-morbidities of BPD include clinical depression, bipolar disorder, self-harm, substance abuse, and suicidal ideation. The implications of her research for eyewitness testimonyupon which our entire criminal justice system is basedare obvious and troubling. Prominent cases involved purported mass child molestation and Satanic rituals. Carl Wernicke Generalizing from such laboratory studies, Loftus concluded that human memories are constantly being reconstructed, and hence are far more malleable and open to suggestion than previously thought. In a nutshell, the all-nurture (or blank-slate) theory of human reasoning ability is now untenable in light of Gopniks findings. However, it was her study of the meditative practices of Zen Buddhismwhich she sees as sharing many features with Christian prayerthat led her to focus on the specific approach for which she has become world-famous, and which she came to call dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT). In studying cognitive and emotional deficits in these populations, especially in children diagnosed with autism, Rutter combined traditional questionnaires and other means of gatherings vital statistics with new technologies, including DNA analysis and neuroimaging. Berridge is the author or co-author of approximately 200 peer-reviewed research papers and chapters of edited volumes, and is the co-editor (with Morten L. Kringelbach) of Pleasures of the Brain (Oxford University Press, 2009). Key People: William McDougall Alexander Bain James Ward George Trumbull Ladd Related Topics: human behaviour physiology behaviour biological psychology, also called physiological psychology or behavioral neuroscience, the study of the physiological bases of behaviour. He obtained his masters degree in psychology in 1955 and his Ph.D. in psychology in 1959, both from Yale University. The Posner cueing task enables very precise measurement of reaction times using a special visual field chart he developed that interacts with the EOG device. His early work in psycholinguistics is too complex to go into here, but in a nutshell, he worked out through painstaking observations on young children some of the ways in which the verbal morphology of a childs native language is inferred from the limited examples available to it. After teaching at the University of Chicago for several years, Gilligan returned to Harvard in 1971 as an Associate Professor in the Graduate School of Education. This theory was developed in part based on research by physiologist Ivan Pavlov on classical conditioning. Regarded as the greatest living psychologist, Bandura is also counted among the most influential psychologists ever. being equal, the people who self-report being the happiest are the ones with the strongest interpersonal ties and social support networks. He received his bachelors degree in social relations in 1965 at Harvard College, where he came into contact with Erik Erikson. Finally, Rosch also did highly influential theoretical work that sought to clarify the very idea of categorization at a philosophical level. For example, he has used electrooculography (EOG) technology, which precisely tracks eye movements using a set of electrodes surrounding the eyes, to create a new research protocol that bears his name. Bandura began teaching at Stanford in 1953. He is currently Professor Emeritus of Psychology at Stanford University. He received his bachelors degree in philosophy in 1985 from Yale University, and his Ph.D. in psychology in 1992 from the University of Pennsylvania. He received his bachelors degree in 1960 and his Ph.D. in 1965, both from the University of Chicago. In 1977, the American pathologist and psychiatrist George Engel (1913-1999) published in the Journal Science his paper "TheIn 1977, the American pathologist and psychiatrist George Engel (1913-1999) published in the Journal Science his paper "Theneed for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedic In recent times behaviourists such as American psychologist John B. Watson moved away from consideration of the spiritual or mental and focused on observable human and animal behaviours and their relationship to the nervous system. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. He was the first qualified doctor of medicine and founding father of psychoanalysis. In this work, Schrger has elucidated the sensory and neural underpinnings of the human ability to interpret extremely rapid and complex auditory information, such as speech, on the basis of the optimization of predictive modeling, which is based in turn on regularities in environmental stimuli (in other words, past experience). Neurophilosophers, a world away from Descartes famous Cogito ergo sum speak contemptuously of "folk psychology", to be replaced as neuroscience progresses by an objective, rigorously defined brain language. In The Principles of Psychology (1890), William James argued that the scientific study of psychology should be grounded in an understanding of biology. He is currently Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of California, Santa Cruz. He received his bachelors degree in biology in 1963, his masters degree in psychology in 1965, and his Ph.D. in physiological psychology in 1967, all from McGill University in Montreal, Canada. Ariely went on to earn a second doctorate in business administration in 1998 from Duke University. Tomasellos main conclusion is that the crucial ability distinguishing humans from nonhuman primates is our ability to understand the fact that other members of our species have a mental life similar to our own, but with their own particular point of view, their own intentions (which may differ from ours), and their own knowledge (which may be limited by circumstances and differ from ours in various ways). He received his bachelors degree magna cum laude from Amherst College, and his Ph.D. in clinical psychology and personality development from Harvard University. On the other hand, we moderns hardly believe in the soul that all those writers took for granted anymore. This is a classic method in which neural activity is enhanced by application of a small electrical current (too small to cause significant cell death). Cognitive psychology is a school of psychology that studies the mental/cognitive processes like how people think, perceive, learn, and remember (Cherry, 2011; Holah.co.uk, 2011). As a result, the bulk of literature in biological psychology deals with mental processes and behaviors that are shared across mammalian species, such as: Sensation and perception; Motivated behavior (hunger, thirst, sex); Control of movement; Learning and memory; Sleep and biological rhythms; Emotions. Anderson was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in 1947. motivation: Physiological, psychological, and philosophical approaches, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/science/biological-psychology, Verywell Mind - Studying the Brain and Behavior in Biopsychology. Bandura is the author or co-author of around 350 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as the author, co-author, or editor of some dozen books. In a nutshell, Gergen imported into social psychology the doctrine of social constructivism, which originated in such fields as linguistics (Edward Sapir, Benjamin Whorf), sociology (Alfred Schtz, Peter Berger), anthropology (Franz Boas, Alfred Kroeber, Clifford Geertz), and philosophy (Thomas Kuhn, Nelson Goodman, Michel Foucault). She has also been deeply involved in developing new methods for studying the emotions, notably the experience sampling method, which is an effort to quantify and measure the quality of everyday life. In human beings, mental categorization has both innate (biological) and acquired (learned) aspects. At that time, the idea that the memory of traumatic events might be repressed and only recalled years or even decades later under questioning by experts had taken hold of the public imagination. All of this work is highly controversial, both inside the academy and out. Berridge was born in 1957. 14. ", Hubel, D.H. & T.N. Anxiety, a physiological state characterized by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components. Gilbert works at the intersection of social psychology and cognitive psychology, with a focus on the way in which cognitive biases regarding the projected impact of individual choices on happiness (affective forecasting) may have wide-ranging societal and political implications. The view that psychological processes have biological (or physiological) correlates, is the basic assumption of the whole field of biological psychology. Gopnik, who has been much concerned with philosophical issues throughout her career, realized that this discovery gave substantial backing to the rationalist (or nature), side-against the empiricist (or nurture) sideof the venerable philosophical debate about the origins of human knowledge. Martin Seligman. This is largely because many of his writing remained inaccessible to the Western world until quite recently. research methods, psychodynamic, humanism, cognitive psychology, behaviorism, and biological psychology. Some biopsychological techniques measure neural activity. He also received his Ph.D. from Penn, in 1983. He is currently Zellerbach Family Professor of Psychology at the University of Pennsylvania, as well as Director of the Penn Positive Psychology Center. Rutters career has been focused on psychiatric disorders of personality development from early childhood through adolescence. Featured or trusted partner programs and all school search, finder, or match results are for schools that compensate us. Phineas Gage is a classic case in biopsychology; after enduring a traumatic brain injury, friends and family of Gage observed that his personality changed. Aronsons is one of the most famous names in the discipline of social psychology, due in no small part to his best-selling survey of the entire field, entitled The Social Animal, first published in 1972. Tulving has made a number of other theoretical advances in the study of memory, as well. According to the theory, many common IQ tests themselves fail to distinguish adequately between linguistic intelligence (verbal fluency), logico-mathematical intelligence (numeracy), and spatial intelligence (the ability to manipulate 2- and 3-D shapes), while several other types of intelligence are not measured at all by standard tests, including kinesthetic intelligence (athletic ability), interpersonal intelligence (social/emotional skill), intrapersonal intelligence (self-knowledge), and aesthetic intelligence (artistic/musical ability). As a developmental psychologist, Damon has focused his research efforts particularly on the intellectual and social development of children, adolescents, and young adults, but also, to a lesser degree, on psychological development of persons throughout the lifespan. During this period, he also worked in broadcast journalism, mainly as a presenter for the BBC on the radio and television. In particular, she noted early in her career that the mathematical models she was attempting to develop to represent the way infants learn to interact successfully with the world around them were formally similar to Bayesian networks, an application of graph theory to the theory of probability that had been independently developed by philosophers of science to try to understand the way science works, especially in the form of non-deductive logical inference (induction and inference to the best explanation). It was there that she worked closely with developmental psychologists Erik Erikson and Lawrence Kohlberg. According to this theory, the fast system has been hard-wired in us by evolution to enable us to react quickly to stressful situations based on rough-and-ready, heuristic behavioral propensities. Biopsychology has been a prominent field of psychology from the start in Europe and North America and remains a major area of research and instruction in many countries. In addition to his many essays, book reviews, and op-ed pieces for the popular press, Pinker has published around 180 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and is the author, co-author, or editor of some 14 books. Linehan was initially drawn to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), with its emphasis on helping patients to re-frame their conflicts in a more realistic way to enable them to gain sufficient detachment to bring their emotions under better voluntary control (on CBT, see the entry for Aaron T. Beck, above). It is sometimes alternatively called "psychophysiology," and in recent years also "cognitive neuroscience." Tulving was born in the town of Petseri in the short-lived first Republic of Estonia in 1927. Freud's psychoanalysis is both a theory and therapy. The author or co-author of numerous highly cited peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as two books, Shepard is a Member or Fellow of the National Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), and the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). Socioculturalists argue that understanding a person's behavior requires knowing about the cultural context in which the behavior occurs (Matsumoto & Juang, 2013). No more love and hate, but merely the firing of neurons in the amygdala. He is currently Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership at New York Universitys Stern School of Business. A John's Hopkins University professor, Dr. John B. Watson, and a graduate student wanted to test a learning process called classical conditioning. [9] In addition to the four books he has authored, co-authored, or edited, Miller is the author or co-author of more than 50 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters. To cite one well-known example from his work, Kurzban has argued that human beings undoubtedly possess an innate tendency to notice facial and other morphological features of people different from themselves, due to the social context of small-scale hunter-gatherer bands within which hominization occurred. After all, we humans cannot help being curious about ourselves-about what makes us tickand these 50 individuals are acknowledged experts in precisely that topic.