research examining rebellion and obedience suggests that research examining rebellion and obedience suggests that

AgeIntervalNotpastdue130dayspastdue3160dayspastdue6190dayspastdue91180dayspastdueOver180dayspastdueBalance$1,250,000500,000190,00060,00036,00024,000$2,060,000PercentUncollectible3/4%35154080. 9. Does your opinion change if you find someone attractive, but your friends do not agree? Conversely, if the group was initially opposed to a viewpoint, group discussion would likely lead to stronger opposition. this indicates that Paul and each and every one of the recipients of this epistle and all church age believers received the action of being chosen out from the members of the human race by God the Father in Christ before the foundation of the world in order that they would be holy and unblemished in His sight. Moreover, groupthink can hinder opposing trains of thought. Which of the following statements is _true_? Research by Prentice and Miller (1996) found that college students are likely to have more positive attitudes toward drinking on campus and consume more alcohol if they believe such attitudes and behavior are inconsistent with social norms. True Sherif's (1936) research using the autokinetic effect demonstrated that people often look to others as a source of information. 3. When in group settings, we are often influenced by the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of people around us. An example of informational social influence may be what to do in an emergency situation. THe producer uses a random number table to select a sample of 100 households, and then makes phone calls to these households every afternoon for 3 weeks. Yet, when the researcher told the participant-teachers to continue the shock, 65% of the participants continued the shock to the maximum voltage and to the point that the learner became unresponsive (Figure 12.20). Once they reached the 300-volt level, the learner would bang on the wall and demand to be released. First, it provides a reference point for certain phenomena that, on the face of it, strain our understanding-thereby, making them more plausible. c. When a classmate that you find particularly attractive happens to sit down next to you, you feel your pulse quicken and you stutter as you try to make conversation video of a replication of the Asch experiment, video of Colin Powell, 10 years after his famous United Nations speech, discussing the information he had at the time, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/12-4-conformity-compliance-and-obedience, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Changing your behavior to go along with the group even if you do not agree with the group, Conformity to a group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the group, Conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information, Changing your behavior to please an authority figure or to avoid aversive consequences, Tendency to prioritize group cohesion over critical thinking that might lead to poor decision making; more likely to occur when there is perceived unanimity among the group, Strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within a group, Exertion of less effort by a person working in a group because individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group, thus causing performance decline on easy tasks, Group situation in which a person may feel a sense of anonymity and a resulting reduction in accountability and sense of self, Define conformity and types of social influence, Describe Stanley Milgrams experiment and its implications, Define groupthink, social facilitation, and social loafing. (credit a: modification of work by Matt Brown; credit b: modification of work by Christian Holmr). View 2 excerpts, cites results and background. Countless people who have learned about the obedience research have been better able to stand up against arbitrary or unjust authority. Evan wasn't quite sure that squirrels were actually endangered, but he agreed to wear the ribbon. For example, when the setting of the experiment was moved to an off-campus office building, the percentage of participants who delivered the highest shock dropped to 48%. When certain features of the situation were changed, participants were less likely to continue to deliver shocks (Milgram, 1965). politac.org Investigative Research and Support for Qualifying Groups and Associations Thomson for a seal 3-7" on . Which of the following might raise questions about the results? Social traps refer to situations that arise when individuals or groups of individuals behave in ways that are not in their best interest and that may have negative, long-term consequences. The experimenter then responded with a series of commands to prod the participant along: In the Milgram experiment, obedience was measured by the level of shock that the participant was willing to deliver. research examining rebellion and obedience suggests that. What factors make a person more likely to yield to group pressure? Their defiance had a liberating influence on the subjects, so that only 10% of them ended up giving the maximum shock. Obedience is the change of an individual's behavior to comply with a demand by an authority figure. When instructed to carry out an act you find abhorrent, even by a legitimate authority, stop and ask yourself: "Is this something I would do on my own initiative?" How often do you think the true participant aligned with the confederates response? b. matching levels of physical attractiveness The trait negativity bias b. Harding (2018) compared groups of students who had self-selected into groups for class to those who had been formed by flocking, which involves assigning students to groups who have similar schedules and motivations. The maximum shock level was 150 volts as opposed to the original 450 volts. Group polarization explains many actions taken by groups that would not be undertaken by individuals. When the teachers and learners hands were touching, the highest shock rate dropped to 30%. There are several causes of groupthink, which makes it preventable. When other people refused to go along with the experimenter's orders, 36 out of 40 participants refused to deliver the maximum shocks. College students could work around social loafing or free-riding by suggesting to their professors use of a flocking method to form groups. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001426, Milgram S. Liberating effects of group pressure. c. Milgram's participants were alone but Gamson's were in a group.d. Replicating Milgram: Would people still obey today? An experimental study to improve the prediction time and reduce the robot time taken to reach the desired position using motion strategies based on the hand motion and eye-gaze direction to determine the point of user interaction in a virtual environment. In response to a string of incorrect answers from the learners, the participants obediently and repeatedly shocked them. c. Participants in the milgram studies would have been even more likely to obey had there been another participant seated at the shock panel with them 2009;64(1):32-36. doi:10.1037/a0014473, Miller AG. According to the dual-process approach, majorities exert influence by producing ____, whereas minorities exert influence by producing ____. The topics of conformity, social influence, obedience, and group processes demonstrate the power of the social situation to change our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Could we call them all accomplices?". In the study, an authority figure ordered participants to deliver what they believed were . Failure to conform can lead to ostracism Because each individual's efforts are not evaluated, individuals can become less motivated to perform well. What if the person believes it is incorrect, or worse, unethical? Since there is no way to truly replicate the experiment due to its serious ethical and moral problems, determining whether Milgram's experiment really tells us anything about the power of obedience is impossible to determine. (1984). g(t)=t21tg(t)=t^2-\frac{1}{t} 2019 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Within this work, we explore intention inference for user actions in the context of a handheld robot setup. Then, a more senior midwife and supervisor asked the junior midwives to do something they had previously stated they were opposed to. What does a person do if an authority figure orders something done? b. the costs of maintaining the relationship are shared equally between them Psychological reactance The Asch effect is the influence of the group majority on an individuals judgment. It goes like this: "Obedience is behavior change produced by the commands of authority." In other words, someone gives you a direct order or command, and you comply with that order. Expansion costs for Wyatt Jewelry store: legal fees, $1500; display cases,$25,000; safe, $10,150; miscellaneous,$3200. Se. a. His famous conformity experiment demonstrated that people would change . Table 12.2 summarizes the types of social influence you have learned about in this chapter. \text{Over 180 days past due} & \underline{24,000} & 80 \\ Conformity to a group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the group. Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. Karau and Williams (1993) and Simms and Nichols (2014) reviewed the research on social loafing and discerned when it was least likely to happen. Maureen's behavior is an example of This work focuses on head and eye gestures, and adopts an egocentric (first-person) perspective using eyewear cameras, and argues that this egOCentric view may offer a number of conceptual and technical benefits over scene- or robot-centric perspectives. Are you the type who will do most of the work, even though the final grade will be shared? Another problem is that the version of the study presented by Milgram and the one that's most often retold does not tell the whole story. Cooperative; competitive When someones vote changes if it is made in public versus private, this is known as compliance. Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives. Abstract. She doesn't believe that she can control her smoking behavior, ex3. c. Respondents might not respond truthfully Milgram developed an intimidating shock generator, with shock levels starting at 15 volts and increasing in 15-volt increments all the way up to 450 volts. As a result, 6000 American soldiers were killed and many more civilians died. 1. The selection of teacher and learner status seemed random. 4. Each group of participants had only one true, nave subject. For example, a historian, describing the behavior of a Nazi mobile unit roaming the Polish countryside that killed 38,000 Jews in cold blood at the bidding of their commander, concluded that "many of Milgram's insights find graphic confirmation in the behavior and testimony of the men of Reserve Police Battalion 101.". Creative Commons Attribution License Another phenomenon that occurs within group settings is group polarization. In the study, an authority figure ordered participants to deliver what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks to another person. Group polarization can be observed at political conventions, when platforms of the party are supported by individuals who, when not in a group, would decline to support them. Within this work, we explore intention inference for user actions in the context of a handheld robot setup. Yes. b. individualist; competitive b. d. representativeness heuristic, ex2. Solomon Asch conducted several experiments in the 1950s to determine how people are affected by the thoughts and behaviors of other people. d. obediance, ex.3 8. Milgram started his experiments in 1961, shortly after the trial of the World War II criminal Adolf Eichmann had begun. Asch (1955) found that 76% of participants conformed to group pressure at least once by indicating the incorrect line. However, if others seem unconcerned, you are likely to stay put and continue watching the movie (Figure 12.19). Milgram, S. (1974). Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol. Furthermore, efforts to replicate Aschs study have made it clear that many factors determine how likely it is that someone will demonstrate conformity to the group. The professor agrees. In group situations, the group often takes action that individuals would not perform outside the group setting because groups make more extreme decisions than individuals do. The participants in the most famous variation of the Milgram experiment were 40 men recruited using newspaper ads. Second, in his obedience studies, Milgram obtained a rare kind of result-one that people can apply to themselves to change their behavior, or at least to gain greater insight into themselves. Changing your behavior to please an authority figure or to avoid aversive consequences. d. Development, ex4. An intention prediction model is proposed to enhance cooperative task solving by derives intention from the combined information about the user's gaze pattern and task knowledge and is validated through a comparison of user frustration. been committed in the name of rebellion." (Snow, 1961, p. 24) Obedience to authority is an important construct interwoven into many aspects of various cultures around the world (Milgram, 1974). Blass, T (2004). Burger (2009) partially replicated this study. Cross-cultural research on perception of emotion, such as that conducted by Elfenbein and Ambady indicates that c. cooperative; individualist Doliski et al. Poirier, S. & Garlepy, Y. Which of the following is an appropriate conclusion for Vito to draw? However, other psychologists argue that both external and internal factors heavily influence obedience, such as personal beliefs and overall temperament. He concluded people obey either out of fear or out of a desire to appear cooperative--even when acting against their own better judgment and desires. Instead, Milgram's sessions were mainly focused on calming the subjects down before sending them on their way. People are fairly successful at perceiving the emotional states of individuals from other cultures but we are better at judging emotions of individuals from our own culture 5. Since the line judgment task was unambiguous, participants did not need to rely on the group for information. Milgram s classic yet controversial experiment illustrates people's reluctance to confront those who abuse power. How do you know when groupthink is occurring? The role of interaction sequences and the timing of resistance in shaping obedience and defiance to authority. Stanley Milgram's famous experiment highlights the powerful human tendency to obey authority. 6. Implicit attitudes can be difficult to measure because To demonstrate this phenomenon, we review another classic social psychology experiment. While Milgrams research raised serious ethical questions about the use of human subjects in psychology experiments, his results have also been consistently replicated in further experiments. They were asked to identify which line segment from the first group (a, b, or c) most closely resembled the fourth line segment in length. Research suggests that overall rates of conformity may have reduced since the time of Aschs research. Milgram's obedience to authority experiments: origins and early evolution. c. compliance a. race doesnt influence police officers who have been trained to look past a suspect's skin color Our (a) five-year-old, (b) five year old vehicle must be traded in for a newer model. In pursuit of ethics: Tough choices in the world of work. Clearly, the implications of Milgram's research have been greatest for understanding of the Holocaust. c. indirect contact method b. fundamental attribution error 2. Teddy has a ______ social value orientation, while jerry has a ___________ social value orientation Dutton and Arno examined the effects of arousal on attraction by conducting a study in which a female approached and asked survey questions of men on a rickety suspension bridge. While watching the presidential debate on tv, Maltida critically evaluated the arguments made by each candidate and was persuaded to support a particular candidate because of the quality of her arguments. c. Expressions of ingroup favoritism tend to increase self-esteem 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved. You are not certain that it is smokeit might be a special effect for the movie, such as a fog machine. Which situation would not be predicted by social impact theory? To some extent this may be true. This puts you in a relaxed state in which you can perform your best, if you choose (Zajonc, 1965). ("CNN Official Interview: Colin Powell now regrets UN speech about WMDs," 2010). In order to convince people to buy lunch from their restaurant in the food court, employees at the Chinese restaurant gave out free samples of chicken teriyaki to everyone who walks by. 9. Isabelle Adam (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) via Flickr. 2013;2(2):79-92. citation tool such as, Authors: Rose M. Spielman, William J. Jenkins, Marilyn D. Lovett. C. To test specific hypotheses derived from a specific theory. ex1. Obedience. Why does groupthink occur? In Aschs study, the confederates identified a line segment that was obviously shorter than the target linea wrong answer. An anticipatory control method is presented that enables robots to proactively perform task actions based on anticipated actions of their human partners, and is implemented into a robot system that monitored its user's gaze, predicted his or her task intent based on observed gaze patterns, and performed anticipatory task actions according to its predictions. Roles People often comply with the request because they are concerned about a consequence if they do not comply. a. The experimenter told the subject that his job was to teach a learner in an adjacent room to memorize a list of word-pairs, and every time the learner made an error, the teacher-subject was to punish the learner by giving him increasingly severe shocks by pressing levers on a shock machine. When you are uncertain you will tend to look at the behavior of others in the theater. Conformity to a group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the group. One review further research on obedience and found that Milgrams findings hold true in other experiments.In 2009, researchers conducted a study designed to replicate Milgram's classic obedience experiment. A TV producer is interested in whether women like soap operas moroe than sitcoms. Milgram's Famous and Controversial Studies of Obedience. One of the most famous studies of obedience in psychology was carried out by Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University. Interestingly, related research suggests that most people under-estimate rates of obedience in these studies, thinking that only a minority of people would obey such destructive commands, and . She wants to pay off our$114,000 mortgage, but Im not eager to do that because we refinanced only nine months ago, paying $3,000 in fees and costs. Briefly discuss what effect the$3,000 refinancing cost should have on this couples investment decision. Expert testimony that obedience to authority and other social-psychological processes were extenuating circumstances, resulted in 9 of the 13 defendants' being spared the death penalty. Next, he plans a scavenger hunt in which incoming students are mixed with current students and divided into small groups. Therefore, maureen steps over her as well, figuring that she is simply drunk or asleep and not in need of emergency assistance. According to the dual-process approach, Stefan's influence has probably resulted in, At the sales meeting, Leo clasped his hands behind his head and reclined in his chair. If other people show concern and get up to leave, you are likely to do the same. Participants were then shown a fourth line segment: x. Though it isn't really true, the interviewer suspects that Vernell is incompetent. b. divided among many weak and immediate targets. "The slavish obedience to authority we have come to associate with Milgrams experiments comes to sound much more like bullying and coercion when you listen to these recordings," Perry suggested in an article for Discover Magazine. Describe procedural and substantive due process. Obedience to authority: An experimental view. The presence of another dissenter: If there is at least one dissenter, conformity rates drop to near zero (Asch, 1955). Would he need to adopt a different strategy if he instead wanted to implement the change in the next academic year? Some psychologists suggested that in spite of the changes made in the replication, the study still had merit and could be used to further explore some of the situational factors that also influenced the results of Milgram's study. Asking for someone's help gives that person power over your life. Compliance is going along with a request or demand, even if you do not agree with the request. d.her attitudes are usually accessible when she reaches for a cigarette, B.