which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality? which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?

A psychologist believes that all dysfunctional behavior is due to past experiences, and that no symptom or behavior is accidental. Stimulants are generally effective and produce a calming effect. Inability to disconfirm Ignoring any evidence that may contradict your maladaptive cognition. c. psychoanalysts. Personalizing Blaming yourself for adverse events rather than seeing the role that others play. Which conclusion can be drawn from this finding? c. gestalt She felt confined and suffocated in this life and took to a fantasy world she called her private theater. Anna also developed hysteria, including symptoms such as memory loss, paralysis, disturbed eye movements, reduced speech, nausea, and mental deterioration. The most common types of antidepressants are SSRIs or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and include Citalopram, Paroxetine, and Fluoxetine (Prozac). a. psychodynamic More specifically, cognitive distortions/maladaptive cognitions can take the following forms: 2.3.3.5. Freud believed that consciousness had three levels 1) consciousness which was the seat of our awareness, 2) preconscious that included all of our sensations, thoughts, memories, and feelings, and 3) the unconscious, which was not available to us. 2 Models of Abnormality There are six models in Abnormal Psychology which aim to describe and explain psychological abnormalities and how the treatment works for each. Still, the sociocultural model suffers from unclear findings and not allowing for the establishment of causal relationships, reliance on more qualitative data gathered from case studies and ethnographic analyses (one such example is Zafra, 2016), and an inability to make predictions about abnormal behavior for individuals. In a general sense, a model is defined as a representation or imitation of an object (dictionary.com). 111. It was fun for me to swim in a lake near my house as a child. First, the response is made, and nothing happens. One option to treat severe mental illness is psychotropic medications. c. manifest content. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can result in a person becoming stuck at a developmental level. c. operant conditioning. A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. The persons true intentions or thoughts and feelings are not readily available to us, or are covert, and do not make for useful empirical data. Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neuron's ending? 2.3.3.6. Over time I learned that attention was good. Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. Like schemas, the attributions we make can lead us astray. The nucleus is the control center of the neuron, and the soma is the cell body. The six models of abnormality are biological, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-existential, sociocultural, and developmental psychopathology perspective. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: a. a womans personal responsibility for her own situation. A common example is Lithium; side effects include loss of coordination, hallucinations, seizures, and frequent urination. d. use conscious thought as a means to decrease physiological signs of anxiety. b. let their thoughts flow, without judgment. d. Freud. Next, a fear hierarchy, or list of feared objects and situations, is constructed in which the individual moves from least to most feared. b. transference. There are two forms: classical conditioning, or linking together two types of stimuli, and operant conditioning, or linking together a response with its consequence. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. b. b. give insightful interpretations of the clients statements. The development of personality. A patient has social anxiety disorder. As noted earlier, the idea of people being machines, called mechanism, was a key feature of behaviorism and other schools of thought in psychology until about the 1960s or 1970s. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. 46. A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. This led to a cognitive-behavioral perspective that combines concepts from the behavioral and cognitive models, the latter discussed in the next section. c. abnormality arises from an interaction between predisposition and stress. Only about 10 percent of those who receive couple therapy eventually divorce. Since your Italian professor did not provide a study guide, you didnt study for the midterm. c. working to change unacceptable thoughts. Despite Freuds generalization, his theory was based on only a few patients. 2. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has not been able to help her get rid of them. Really, the sky is the limit with reinforcers in particular. Other examples of secondary reinforcers include praise, a smile, getting money for working or earning good grades, stickers on a board, points, getting to go out dancing, and getting out of an exam if you are doing well in a class. What is learning? This is an example of: a. shaping. Least difficult situations are handled first, followed by more difficult situations, all while rehearsing and mastering all the situations present in the hierarchy. What happened to that bad behavior that had disappeared? c. ego. c. maintenance. This is an example of: Members of a family operate very independently of one another. The pineal gland helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle while the thyroid gland regulates the bodys energy levels by controlling metabolism and the basal metabolic rate (BMR). d. conditions of worth. c. ineffective treatment options. c. neurons. Integrative behavioral couple therapy helps partners: a. accept behaviors that they cannot change. Rogers stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. a. catharsis. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. For instance, evidence suggests that contracting strep throat, an infection in the throat and tonsils caused by bacteria called group A Streptococcus (for more on strep throat, please visit https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html), can lead to the development of OCD, Tourettes syndrome, and tic disorder in children (Mell, Davis, & Owens, 2005; Giedd et al., 2000; Allen et al., 1995; https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness). Important here is that specific culture- and gender-related diagnostic issues are discussed for each disorder, demonstrating increased awareness of the impact of these factors. Freud considered the talking cure of Anna O. to be the origin of psychoanalytic therapy and what would come to be called the cathartic method. 107. Dontrall observed his parents generous behavior throughout his childhood. Still, we violate these values at times and experience feelings of guilt. List and describe the models of abnormality. Infants tend to do things that feel good. b. the different patterns of communication displayed by men and women. The cat could escape the box and reach the food by manipulating a series of levers. The room contains a highly prized toy, but they are told they cannot play with it. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. sociocultural d. psychodynamic, 7. b. multicultural. What treatments are available to clinicians courtesy of the biological model of psychopathology? We may think so, but a review of the evidence for and against this statement will show that it does not and reduce how threatening it seems. Trauma, stress, and other extreme stressors are predictive of depression. In terms of distinctive structures, these focus on the ability of a neuron to send and receive information. 2.2.1.3. The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders. 28. c. sociocultural c. the id, ego, and superego. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partner's departure and ways to save money. Still, Sigmund Freud developed useful therapeutic tools for clinicians and raised awareness about the role the unconscious plays in both normal and abnormal behavior. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego. To address this unique factor, culture-sensitive therapies have been developed and include increasing the therapists awareness of cultural values, hardships, stressors, and/or prejudices faced by their client; the identification of suppressed anger and pain; and raising the clients self-worth (Prochaska & Norcross, 2013). They then realize their worth as a person but also that they are not perfect. Gender is not a cause of mental illness, though differing demands placed on males and females by society and their culture can influence the development and course of a disorder. Check out the figure below for how these contingencies are arranged. How does the cognitive model approach psychopathology? b. sociocultural She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. humanist-existential d. sociocultural. b. existential d. case studies. Abnormal behavior arises when we avoid making choices, do not take responsibility, and fail to actualize our full potential. They all attempt to explain the causes and treatments for all psychological illnesses, and all from a different approach. d. develop depression that requires hospitalization. A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? b. the libido. Clarify how gender factors affect mental illness. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: a. id. d. known risk and protective factors. b. Rogers. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. cognitive-behavioral d. humanistic-existential, 9. d. psychodynamic. According to Freud, consciousness had three levels (consciousness, preconscious, and the unconscious), personality had three parts (the id, ego, and superego), personality developed over five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital), there are ten defense mechanisms to protect the ego such as repression and sublimation, and finally three assessment techniques (free association, transference, and dream analysis) could be used to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. a. behavior-focused When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. Examples include abnormal blood levels, damaged cells, and abnormal gene expression. Influenza epidemics, caused by viral infections (for more on influenza, please see the following: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719), have also been linked to schizophrenia (Brown et al., 2004; McGrath and Castle, 1995; McGrath et al., 1994; Ocallaghan et al., 1991) though more recent research suggests this evidence is weak at best (Selten & Termorshuizen, 2017; Ebert & Kotler, 2005). The term covers a broad range of disorders, from depression to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to personality disorders. 129. d. This model requires the therapist to predict abnormal behavior in individuals. Gender plays an important, though at times, unclear role in mental illness. d. unconscious feelings of loss. Each paradigm focuses mainly on one aspect of human functioning. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. humanist-existential d. cognitive-behavioral. The same is true of borderline personality disorder. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: a. using I language. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? In Module 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. For more on psychosurgery, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199203/psychosurgery. In Panel A, food makes a dog salivate. This scenario demonstrates trial and error learning or making a response repeatedly if it leads to success. What are the five psychosexual stages according to Freud? Prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine. 2.3.2.5. In fact, behaviorism said psychology was to be the study of observable behavior. Briefly outline how communication in the nervous system occurs. 39. A patient has loss of neurons in the cortex and the basal ganglia. They protect the neuron from harmful substances. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. d. reality principle. 161. a. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, at birth the child is in the: a. oral stage. d. show unconditional positive regard for the clients statements. c. take responsibility for harmful behavioral patterns. Which type of psychodynamic therapy encourages therapists to disclose things about themselves? Mood stabilizers are used to treat bipolar disorder and, at times, depression, schizoaffective disorder, and disorders of impulse control. I know my grandmother used to. b. hypotheses. What, according to Freud, fuels the id? 73. a. having the patient engage in activities that elicit anxiety b. prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine c. teaching the patient how to effectively challenge negative thoughts d. encouraging the patient to cultivate relationships with others who have similar anxieties. 55. b. biological forces, culture, and learning. Gambling disorder is a manifestation of the previously desirable behavior of being a risk taker. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? The answer is yes, and one of two outcomes is possible. c. unconditional positive regard. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? d. latent content. d. free association. c. psychodynamic. a. cognitive-behavioral This is known as What is that factor? Maybe it changed to biweekly and I missed the email. Due to this endurance, we say that intermittent or partial reinforcement shows resistance to extinction, meaning the behavior does weaken, but gradually. d. cognitive-behavioral. a. sociocultural b. biological c. cognitive d. demonological, 4. It provides the strength to fight back or to flee (fight-or-flight instinct). The central nervous system (CNS) is the control center for the nervous system, which receives, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory information. d. cognition-focused. 29. d. acceptance and commitment, 97. c. gestalt. The genes responsible for anxiety disorders or related psychological patterns are the same genes that once helped our ancestors survive and reproduce. d. transference. Also of importance to the neuron is the myelin sheath or the white, fatty covering which: 1) provides insulation so that signals from adjacent neurons do not affect one another and, 2) increases the speed at which signals are transmitted. c. It is full of abnormal evolutionary principles. These words have no affective connotation to them, meaning they do not imply good or bad. As these cells die, the brain fails to receive messages about when and how to move. If it receives sufficient stimulation, causing the polarity inside the neuron to rise from -70 mV to -55mV (. 91. 146. 49. A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: a. focuses on less serious problems. b. sociocultural In Panel B, we see that a neutral stimulus (NS) produces no response. Since that time, I've never been able to swim in a lake. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. For more information on psychotropic medications, please visit: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications/index.shtml. a. equifinality b. eclectic integration c. multifinality d. timing. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego, 38. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. 32. b. modeling. In the business setting, a model or trainer demonstrates how to use a computer program or run a register for a new employee. 151. A general term used for Freuds and Jungs theories is: a. psychiatric. c. This model focuses on abstract issues of human fulfillment. They include hunger, thirst, self-preservation, and sex. Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a "here and now" orientation, are _____ therapists. Antipsychotics are used to treat psychosis or conditions that affect the mind, and in which there has been some loss of contact with reality, often including delusions (false, fixed beliefs) or hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not really there). They can be used to treat eating disorders, severe depression, PTSD, OCD, ADHD, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Receptor cells in each of the five sensory systems detect energy. Armed with this stunning revelation, Pavlov spent the rest of his career investigating the learning phenomenon. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? For operant conditioning, this means that if I make a behavior, then a specific consequence will follow. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. We should also note the existence of non-associative learning or when there is no linking of information or observing the actions of others around you. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral infections were identified as potential causes of mental illness and three treatment options were given. c. operant conditioning. 2.3.1.1. This situation places considerable stress on an individual and can lead to higher rates of anxiety disorders and depression. The patient continues but always reaches a point when he/she cannot or will not proceed any further. 2.2.1.2. b. negative transference. Through their training and their professional activities, clinical psychologists become very familiar with the definitions of various forms of abnormal behavior and the ways it differs from normal behavior. Regret orientation Focusing on what you could have done better in the past rather than on improving now. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? Psychodynamic techniques. b. Freud. Men with mental illnesses are also less likely to have received mental health treatment than women in the past year. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? Dogs do not enter the world knowing to respond to the ringing of a bell (which it hears). A cognitive-behavioral therapist would MOST likely recommend: 2.3.1.2. Mind Reading Assuming others know what you are thinking without any evidence. The diathesis-stress model of abnormality emphasizes that: abnormality arises from an interaction between stress and predisposition. b. anal stage. For more on the link between cortisol and depression, check out this article: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-athletes-way/201301/cortisol-why-the-stress-hormone-is-public-enemy-no-1. In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. Social Sciences; Psychology; Psychology questions and answers; which statement about catergorical vs dimensions models of abnormal behavior is true?A categorial models capture the complexity of mental disorders btter than dimensional modelsB Dimensional models better reflect nature/ reality of disorders than categorial onesC Catergorial models capture the severitu of mental disorders while . d. people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. In the case of borderline personality disorder, many people report experiencing traumatic life events such as abandonment, abuse, unstable relationships or hostility, and adversity during childhood. Chapter Recap. What about other students in the class that you know? d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. To effectively treat a mental disorder, we must understand its cause. As you might expect, the behavior will begin to weaken and eventually stop when this occurs. Children who watched the aggressive model behaved aggressively with the Bobo doll while those who saw the gentle model, played nice. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. Conditioning is when learning occurs. The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: a. humanistic. After you perform poorly on the exam, you blame your professor. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. The four main models to explain psychological abnormality are the biological, behavioural, cognitive, and psychodynamic models. A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: Which phrase would one be MOST likely to hear in a self-help group? d. One-fourth of all treated couples eventually separate or divorce. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. Techniques might include weighing the pros and cons of fighting uncertainty or change. b. cognitive-behavioral d. caution the patient against using religious-based counseling services. b. Is this correct? The person may think the schedule has simply changed. You are doing your best. The humanistic perspective, or third force psychology (psychoanalysis and behaviorism being the other two forces), emerged in the 1960s and 1970s as an alternative viewpoint to the largely deterministic view of personality espoused by psychoanalysis and the view of humans as machines advocated by behaviorism. However, people can build up a tolerance to benzodiazepines if they are taken over a long period of time and may need higher and higher doses to get the same effect. Side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, difficulty urinating, and irregular heartbeat, to name a few. The disadvantages should outweigh the advantages and help you to end the struggle and accept what is unknown. 131. a. d. It is difficult to predict which people who share the same culture will develop a particular disorder. We all have two copies of each gene, one inherited from our mother and one from our father. If your parents resort to alcohol consumption to deal with stressors life presents, then you also might do the same. The Humanistic and Existential Perspectives. b. support the ideas of positive psychology. Students also viewed PSY 381 Chapter 2 a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral, 60. Modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. Note the plural form of dendrite and the singular form of axon; there are many dendrites but only one axon. Can our schemas lead us astray or be false? She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. a. sharing advice b. analyzing dreams c. developing insights d. building social skills. According to the behavioral model, Dontrall acquired this perspective through the process of: a. modeling. c. paradigms. Hormones are important to psychologists because they manage the nervous system and body tissues at certain stages of development and activate behaviors such as alertness or sleepiness, sexual behavior, concentration, aggressiveness, reaction to stress, and a desire for companionship. These are the same four discussed under respondent conditioning. According to cognition-focused therapists, all of the following can be sources of abnormal thinking EXCEPT: a. illogical thinking. c. depression. a. humanistic The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development are listed below. d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Or, they are easily distracted and sits in the back so that all stimuli are in front of him/her. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. c. axons. Shonda responds by changing the subject. d. synapses. So I kept doing it and doing it until one day, another kid grew tired of hearing about my other identity and punched me in the face. c. prejudice and discrimination faced by women. a. family-social b. multicultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 135. Exemplify the effect of attributions on creating abnormal behavior. Module 2: Models of Abnormal Psychology by Washington State University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes. Critics of the behavioral perspective point out that it oversimplifies behavior and often ignores inner determinants of behavior. b. helping the client develop a stronger sense of self and rational thinking. For more on the role of genes in the development of mental illness, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/saving-normal/201604/what-you-need-know-about-the-genetics-mental-disorders. In order to prevent anxiety in the future, it is common practice to expose someone to stressful situations. Malnutrition before birth, exposure to viruses, and other psychosocial factors are potential causes of schizophrenia. According to the Genetics Home Reference website as part of NIHs National Library of Medicine, a gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity (https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene). The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a persons head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: a. vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Rates of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) are four times greater in women than men. 30. a. a persons moral compass b. the prefrontal cortex c. a persons libido d. ego defense mechanisms. Researchers are only now beginning to tease apart the various biological and psychosocial factors that may impact the mental health of both women and men., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/women-and-mental-health/index.shtml. a. Neurotransmitters are released. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? The sympathetic nervous system is involved when a person is intensely aroused. This model dismisses the effect of nonbiological factors on behavior. Many disorders have genetic roots, are a result of hormonal imbalances, or caused by viral infections such as strep. See Figure 2.4 below. These medications fall under five major categories. Overgeneralizing You see a larger pattern of negatives based on one event. d. who are not religious cope better with life stressors such as war and illness. Notice how the line has dropped below -70mV. 21. A person has a recurring dream of losing her dog. Discuss the concept of a model and identify those important to understanding psychopathology. "What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members.". Joanie has social anxiety. What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. What is this therapy?